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Communist Judges: |
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Above: Capt. Stefan Michnik, born 28 September, 1929) (real name Stefan Szechter), Communist, Stalinist Judge and Secret Collaborator (TW - Tajny Wspolpracownik) of Polish Communist Military Intelligence services, presently residing in Storvreta, 10 kilometers from Uppsali, Sweden. Michnik emigrated from Poland in 1968 having claimed to be a "victim" of "Polish Anti-Semitism". Michnik's application for an entry visa to the United States was rejected in 1968 by the US Government. In October 2010 a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) for Michnik was issued by the Military Garrison Court in Warsaw.
Above: "The Archive of the Head of the WSW [pol. abr. Wojskowa Sluzba Wewnetrzna - Military Internal Services] Filmed on 10, [unreadable], 1969. Translation below:
"Attestation
I, Stefan Michnik, son of Ozjasz [Uzziah], swear that as of this day, I will be collaborating with the Organs of the Informacja [eng. Communist Military Intelligence] of the resurrected [Communist] People's Poland, and will be on the outlook for spies, saboteurs, diversionaries, and all other elements hostile towards the Polish [Communist] Army, and political system of the People's Poland. I oblige not to inform anyone, even my closest family, about these activities, and I am aware that informing others about the character, and methods of the Organs of the Information, will result in bringing criminal charges against me, and will be considered an act of military-government treason, in accordance with the Decree from September 26, 1950, about maintaining professional and government secrecy. I will conscientiously carry out all orders issued to me by the officer of the Informacja [assigned to handle me], and will sign written reports prepared by me with an alias 'Kazmierczak'.
Jelenia Gora, March 13, 1950, (-) Intelligible Signature(s)"
Stefan Michnik vel. Szechter participated in communist trials of the following individuals:
Major Zefiryn Machal – Executed. Michnik refused the accused access to an attorney. The family was never notified about the death sentence of Machal.
Maximilian Chojecki – Sentenced to lengthy imprisonment.
Lt. Andrzej Czaykowski – Executed. Michnik is alleged to have been present during the execution.
Maj. Jerzy Lewandowski – Sentenced to lengthy imprisonment.
Col. Stanislaw Wecki - Murdered during interrogations
Maj. Zenon Tarasiewicz – Executed
Col. Romuald Sidorski – Died as a result of torture.
Lt. Col. Aleksander Kowalski
Maj. Karol Sek – Executed in 1952
and others ...
Above: Demonstrators in Storvreta, Sweden holding a banner: "We demand that the Communist tormentors be brought to justice."
Above: (Left) Stefan Michnik vel. Stefan Szechter refused to speak with journalists. Source: Nowa Gazeta Polska No. 8. 2001, Stockholm. |
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Above: Lt. Col. Helena Wolinska-Brus (real name Fajga Mindla Danielak) Communist, Stalinist Prosecutor. An European Arrest Warrant against Wolinska for being an "accessory to a court murder" was issued on Nov. 20, 2007. Wolinska died in Oxford, England on November 26, 2008 during an extradition process. Read more about " The Three Lives of Helena Brus" here ... |
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Above: Col. Zygmunt Wizelberg Communist, Stalinist judge. |
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Other Prominent Communist Judges & Prosecutors:
- Jan ("Iwan") Amons
- Leonard Azarkiewicz
- Maria Bednarska
- Mieczysław Bringajzen
- Adolf Brunicki
- Lt. Col. Marcin Dancyg
- Mieczysław Dytry
- Ludwik Fels
- Michal Frankowski
- Wiktor Gattner
- Edward Gol
- Kazimierz Górski
- Alicja Graff
- Sanisław Gutaker
- Józef Feldman
- Jan Kant
- Franciszek Kapczuk
- Florian Kirschke
- Czesław Konieczny
- Eugeniusz Landsberg
- Lt. Col. Czesław Łapiński
- Andrzej Makowicz
- Mieczysław Mirski
- Julian Polan-Haraschin
- Mjr. Władysław Litmanowicz
- Andrzej Makowicz
- Tadeusz Malecki
- Ch. Mett
- Edward Milliblit
- Marian Muszkat
- Col. Piotr Parzeniecki
- Col. Stefan Piekarski
- Czesław Reutt
- Michał Salpeter
- Wladyslaw Sobiech
- Oswald Sznepf
- Col. Aleksander Tomaszewski
- Mieczysław Widaj
- Emanuel Weinberg
- Major Julian Wilf
- Aleksander Zawirski
and others ... |
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Communist Courts In Poland (1944-1956): Crimes In the Majesty of "Law"
(pol. "Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa ")
[…] these young people whom you are judging and slanderously call “bandits” are not the criminals. They are the defenders of their country! I don’t regret what I did. My actions were dictated by what the millions of Poles, whose fate was sealed by the NKVD’s bayonets, think. I’ll gladly go to my death. What is death, after all? I believe that each and every drop of the innocent blood you spilled will give birth to thousands of others who will [raise to] oppose you […]" Excerpt from the Reverend Wladyslaw Gurgacz's statement to the communist court in 1949. Rev. Gurgacz, a Jesuit priest was condemned to death and executed by the communists in 1949.
In 2008, the President of the Republic of Poland, Lech Kaczynski posthumously decorated Rev. Gurgacz with Poland's highest civilian decoration, the Krzyz Komandorski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski. In the citation letter accompanying the Commander's Cross, president Kaczynski wrote: "Father Gurgacz knew, that by joining the ranks of the Polska Podziemna Armia Niepodleglosciowa [abr. PPAN], he closed the door to any possibility of return to normal life. In the name of God's love, and in the name of love for his country, he chose the fate of the doomed; those doomed by the communist propaganda, and those stripped from the protections of law. He chose the fate of those who were unceasingly hunted by the [communist] security apparatus, those who were mercilessly attacked, and when arrested, the fate of those inhumanly tortured and remanded to execution. [Rev. Gurgacz] didn't hesitate to take this path, and remained faithfully on it until the very end. Lech Aleksander Kaczynski, President of the Republic of Poland".
Preface:
"Crimes in the Majesty of Law" refers to abuses of the citizens of a state, as directed by a judicial or administrative agent of the state, on the false representation that the abuse was legally authorized. This definition, while reasonably concise, is beset by the ambiguity of how to define "abuse" and "law". As "Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" superseding "Plessy vs.. Ferguson" demonstrates, "law" can change wholly without the enactment of a contravening law. Empirically, then, law is best defined in John Austin's Utilitarian formulation "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". "Sovereign", itself, has been superseded and this might read for modern ears as "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a political power, to which people have a habit of obedience".
This is almost, but not quite, the same as "Law is what you can get way with calling law." PRL (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa - Eng., People's Republic of Poland; Polish Communist: government) and MBP (Ministerstwo Bezpieczenstwa Publicznego - Eng., Ministry of Public Security [of Poland]; Polish Communist: secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage) certainly had political power; they ventured sanctions aplenty; but the people of Poland did not have a habit of obedience to them. This is established by the long history of resistance, insurgency and hostility to them leading to the fall of the PRL, and establishment (or re-establishment) of Rzeczpospolita Polska (Eng., Republic of Poland; Polish Patriot: constitutional government pre-war, in exile and post-PRL) |
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Photo Above: (left) Rev. Wladyslaw Gurgacz, a Jesuit Priest, and a chaplain in the Democratic Underground (executed in 1949), with Stanislaw Szajna, nom de guerre "Orzel" and "Zemsta" (right), executed on September 14, 1949. |
The greatest abuse was the PRL adjudication of Polish Patriotic forces as "traitors", with the object of executing them. Numerous Patriots were so "adjudged" including [list to follow]. Clearly,- facing such an adjudication in a spurious court, many Patriots determined to fight in a guerilla action. By and large, these guerillas avoided edging into the role of terrorists. That distinction has been obscured of late, but the distinction lies the target of an attack. Soldiers and police of a state, or the state's logistical basis in transportation and communications is a form of war, and here guerilla war. On the other hand, targeting civilians going about the business of farming, running a shop or teaching (as opposed to political indoctrination) is terrorism. The patriotic guerillas generally kept within the bounds of the rules of war. In truth, the Communists did not - and were more than willing to take hostages.
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Left: Julia Brystiger vel "Bloody Luna" Polish Secret Police interrogator.
"[...] the Polish intelligentsia as such is against the Communist system and basically, it is impossible to re-educate it. All that remains is to liquidate it. However, since we must not repeat the mistake of the Russians after the 1917 revolution, when all intelligentsia members were exterminated, and the country did not develop correctly afterwards, we have to create such a system of terror and pressure that the members of the intelligentsia would not dare to be politically active." Julia Brystiger vel. "Bloody Luna," Polish secret police interrogator famed for her sadistic, Gestapo-like, treatment of political prisoners in Poland. |
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This Article Is In Translation ... Stay Tuned ... More To Come ...
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